A Study Of Characters Essay Research Paper free essay sample

A Study Of Characters Essay, Research Paper A review of characters in # 8220 ; Hot Gossip # 8221 ; by Deborah Lawrenson In her novel # 8220 ; Hot Gossip # 8221 ; Deborah Lawrenson makes her characters enthusiastic, influencing and interesting ; she utilizes her alone way to catch her peruser # 8217 ; s joining in. Lawrenson utilizes an intriguing and humourous mystery plan joined with complex characters to form a mockery on the dream universe and ugly jokes of the rich and celebrated as observed by the tattle editorialist who # 8217 ; s occupation is to air different people groups lives while keeping up their ain respite. Now and again this new seems to get truly close to reality. Inside the edge work of the main mystery plan, the story abdominal muscle initio seems to follow a youthful # 8220 ; fairly gullible # 8221 ; draw a dab oning writer, as she moves from # 8220 ; knowledge room insouciant # 8221 ; to go a full clasp individual from # 8220 ; the best gab section in the state # 8221 ; . At that point it becomes clear that the central mystery plan is truly part two different ways, the main way following the juvenile columnist # 8211 ; Rosy Hope-the second way following her foreman who is the commended gab editorialist Anthony Sward through his own employments. By isolating the central mystery plan as such the peruser increases a more extensive situation of the # 8220 ; out of this universe # 8221 ; play area where the rich and commended # 8220 ; play # 8221 ; . As the two boss mystery plans run equal there are other than a few sub mystery plans going on at any one clasp ; these sub mystery designs other than go about as connections between the two mystery designs as the characters traverse from one to the next. These sub mystery plans go about as a gadget to demo the peruser the story behind the account which is an of import nexus to one of the books # 8217 ; messages-Don # 8217 ; t think everything which is imprinted in the papers. The new attracts to a choice by passing on both boss mystery designs together at a significant cultural occasion which other than permits the peruser to run into again a portion of the all the more fascinating characters from the sub mystery designs each piece great. Rosey Hope is the cardinal character of the primary boss plot line. She is 25, partitions a level with a companion. Her occupation at the # 8220 ; Daily Dispatch # 8221 ; is her first experience of work on a significant paper. Some portion of Lawrenson # 8217 ; s way is to do certain characters names emblematic portrayals of their characters ; she has utilized this strategy in the imaginative movement of the character of Rosey Hope. The name Rosey recommends that this character takes a gander at her universe in an impossible to miss way # 8211 ; through rose colored focal points. These # 8220 ; focal points # 8221 ; hold a the outcome of passing on the rose-shaded universe of the rich and celebrated in to the situation of world. For outline when Rosey goes to a # 8220 ; Intro. # 8221 ; party which is tossed with its sole plan being to deliver terrible talks and occupations for those on-screen characters # 8220 ; who wear # 8217 ; t haggle on their dorsums yet do it Sharon Stone way # 8221 ; for example be explicitly forceful to obtain the occupation. Rosey perceives the truth about these individuals. She meets a # 8220 ; young lady # 8221 ; at the gathering she noticed that the # 8220 ; young lady # 8221 ; had # 8220 ; traded the blossom of youngster for a decent cosmetics innovative individual # 8221 ; and the peruser sees this exorbitantly through her eyes. Rosey speaks to # 8220 ; standard # 8221 ; individuals here. She is fairly stunned and overpowered by the jokes of the commended party invitees. Rosey # 8217 ; s family name # 8211 ; Hope # 8211 ; other than comes into show here, as she attempts to acquit what she sees # 8211 ; the head of constabulary wearing a Tutu # 8211 ; or she turns a visually impaired oculus to those jokes which she can # 8217 ; t pardon confiding in she doesn # 8217 ; t gain brought into them # 8211 ; the Television moderator rising up out of the nursery shed with various blondies. Other than Rosey # 8217 ; s name is concerned her own life, her first name mirrors that bit of her character which is certain and sure this side of Rosey is mainly held for covering with her folks. Her family name reflects Rosey # 8217 ; s inward inner self, she trusts her new occupation works out, she trusts that she doesn # 8217 ; t look fat, she trusts her cultural life will get, she other than trusts that her affection life will bounce into being. Another character whose name speaks to his character is John Sylvester. His family name is truly close to that of # 8220 ; Slyvester # 8221 ; and one time this association is made the peruser has been given an insinuation to this character # 8217 ; s character. Lawrenson proceeds to portray him as a # 8220 ; weasel # 8221 ; with # 8220 ; smooth # 8221 ; hair. Which fits completely with the hid insight in his family name to demo this character genuine nature. He is a distributing house who needs to print a collection of memoirs on Anthony Sward. Sadly for him Sward completely cannot. This portion non dishearten him, he enrolls the guide of Sward # 8217 ; s rival chatter editorialist # 8211 ; Benadict Pierce # 8211 ; and they set out on a figure of underhand ploys to make Swards # 8220 ; informal collection of memoirs # 8221 ; . Anthony Sward is the cardinal character of the second plot line. The authors way is diverse for this region of the novel contrasted and the main which includes Rosy Hope and a rational situation of high society. This development shows a progressively calendered and an appealing picture. In this development a character # 8217 ; s name doesn # 8217 ; t straight speak to their character ; yet there is as yet a nexus. The association between Anthony Sward and his name is interlaced with that of his challenger # 8211 ; Benadict Pierce who is a fruitless chatter editorialist. Their joint association is by means of their family names. Anthony Sward # 8217 ; s last name sounds extremely comparable # 8220 ; Sword # 8221 ; again this is an indication to his character. A cutting edge is an incredible and of import arm, this reflects Anthony Sward # 8217 ; s place as an extremely of import and powerful person. The substance of Sward # 8217 ; s tattle segment all around have emotional and every n ow and again haunting effects, simply like the arm. With respect to Benadict Pierce his family name proposes an actualize that is less sensational than a cutting edge yet can once in a while be puncturing. For delineation while trying to get # 8220 ; delicious # 8221 ; research Martial for Sward # 8217 ; s informal life he figures out how to # 8220 ; puncture # 8221 ; Sward # 8217 ; s guard components by attempting to score Rosey, who accidentally gives him an outskirt on one O f Sward’s most firmly limited mysteries †his female parent Eva Coutts. The findings of this character’s name mirrors this spot, he is non curiously of import or powerful and the substance of his gab section all things considered doesn’t cause a very remarkable sprinkle. There is a Catch 22 between the spot each opponent holds and the main letter of their first names. Anthony starts with the message â€Å"A† and he is the taking creator in his field. Benadict starts with the message â€Å"B† and his place is lower than that of Sward’s. Other than the association of A first B second is reflected in quite a while work, Sward will interfere with a story principal and Pierce will repeat a similar account a couple yearss in this manner. Lawrenson doesn # 8217 ; t just nexus characters in this development with their names, her characters appear to sutily extend an emanation of themselves on to their milieus. Anthony is a conscience made achievement account. In the wake of being told at 19 he didn # 8217 ; t have the # 8220 ; right articulation # 8221 ; to be a significant histrion he # 8220 ; obtained # 8221 ; a suit from his moving school # 8217 ; s storage room segment, assumed the anonym of # 8220 ; Anthony Sward # 8221 ; . He deceived his way in to another eating house by taking on the appearance of an eating house pundit, where he # 8220 ; Ate, drank, so had an invasion of contrition # 8221 ; . So he composed a crit on the eating house and sent it to his nearby paper, # 8220 ; who sent him two lbs for disbursals and a rundown of eating house he may wish to look for # 8221 ; . He stirred his way up the epicure stepping stool from at that place, until he was feasting with the # 8220 ; rich and praised # 8221 ; . L awn in a matter of seconds understood that name dropping was useful for drawing perusers and he began to form more on the who and less on the where. This lead to his ain talk segment and a conceivably fatale weight work. It # 8217 ; s Sward # 8217 ; s sweeping abdomen line and weight work which Lawrenson has decided to extend on this character # 8217 ; s milieus through her promise pick. Everything about Sward is enormous his signals are # 8220 ; brushing # 8221 ; , he # 8220 ; extends # 8221 ; into his milieus, he is even portrayed as a # 8220 ; immense # 8221 ; by Rosey. Turf # 8217 ; s weight work is brought to the peruser # 8217 ; s going to by Sward himself as he is consistently and ineffectively endeavors to consume less calories. At the point when Turf experiences a particularly # 8220 ; terrible spot # 8221 ; , the full section is loaded up with supplement similitudes. Grass is in his nursery and there is a # 8220 ; tangerine # 8221 ; sky with # 8220 ; marshmallow # 8221 ; mists ; the conduit at the underside of the nursery streams like # 8220 ; tracheal # 8221 ; . This pictures recommend something which is delicate and delicious Sward # 8217 ; s chest, the # 8220 ; tracheal # 8221 ; conduit represnts Sward # 8217 ; s blood fluxing througn his chest. Tracheal is thick and moderate moveing which is an immediate nexus with Swards work # 8211 ; his chest is under unreasonably much presure and it isn # 8217 ; t siphoning his blood around

A Role For Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Role For Theory - Research Paper Example Open arrangement hypothesis, the investigation or conversation of open strategies (for this situation identifying with Global Warming) assume a significant job in the day by day lives of an approach professional. It would one’s main goal as an approach expert to stay up with the latest with what goes on in their reality, their nation, and the country’s government. To keep in contact with any new changes that the legislature or authority may choose to make or suggest is the thing that props an arrangement expert up, which has a high propensity of occurring as Global Warming approach professional. There is a lot of viable incentive to understanding the hypotheses of open arrangement for strategy expert or investigator since keeping their conversations as near realities as conceivable is what is going to assist them with being better at what they do. In the event that they begin framing expository hypotheses about an issue they approach, it will be exceptionally difficult for them to persuade others to see their perspective. Natural Sociology created during the 1970s while expanding mindfulness on a social level about an unnatural weather change or environmental change began occurring. By 2007 sociologists who have a place with the investigations of ecological issues had committed themselves to the examination and use of theoretical ways to deal with an Earth-wide temperature boost are as yet continuous. The U.S Global Change Research Program, created in 1989, works with the coordination and combination of government looks into done on the adjustments in the worldwide condition and their suggestions on society. The Executive Office of the President of U.S authoritatively regulated the U.S. Environmental Change Science Program, from 2002 to 2008 which was encouraged by the National Coordination Office. I accept that keeping open approaches as near the truth is the best a specialist can do.

How Your Router Can Be Hacked To Reveal Password

How Your Router Can Be Hacked To Reveal Password Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!How Your Router Can Be Hacked To Reveal PasswordUpdated On 09/01/2018Author : sourishnathTopic : SecurityShort URL : https://hbb.me/2CJdetf CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlog  Internet users all over the world face a major security flaw in their routers, the one they use to connect their PC with the internet. Hackers exploit this vulnerability to access your private data. Before we start discussing about how to hack and safeguard your routers, first let us have a brief introduction about What a is router and How it works.What is a Router?  A router is a device that basically forwards data packets along your networks.The router is connected to atleast two networks, commonly LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISPs network, i.e. your internet service provider.Routers are located at  the places where two or more networks connect.These are the devices that keep data flowing stea dy between networks thus keeps the networks connected to the Internet. When data packets are being sent between locations from one network to another network, the data is always directed to the correct location by the router.The threat :  Hackers use IP Scanners to scan any live computer (active on the network) in a given IP range, arbitrarily. They lookout for open ports in a system that can be exploited, basically port 80 that is used by your browser to access the web.  A Sample output by Angry IP Scanner :  After knowing the security holes in a pc ,they access the routers admin page, where all the settings and passwords are saved,  by simply putting your IP address in their browsers address bar.Any remote PC can access your router page if your firewall is not configured properly.READ11 Laws To Promote Your Business On Social Media    Most routers come with a default username, password (user = admin and  password = admin), which most of us simply ignore to change. We dont reali ze that our identity over the internet may be compromised anytime, and then used against us (called identity theft). To safe guard your router you can take two steps to prevent unauthorized access.  Step 1: Stop the culprit at the gate.  Use the inbuilt windows firewall to block/disable all external access like remote desktop sharing and network discovery. Make necessary changes in your network settings.  Step 2 : The vital step Always change your routers username and password. This can be done by typing 192.168.0.1 in your browsers address bar. This will Open the router login page.Enter the default username password as mentioned above, if not already changed.Now Goto Home Wan Setting and the username and password of his account will appear.  Change the passwords there and restart your router.Precaution :  Always change your router username password by entering 192.168.0.1 in your web browser.

Some Things Never Change - 863 Words

Some Things Never Change â€Å"Your sister is going to be live with us for a while.† These words spoken emotionlessly, hiding his contempt of the situation. His sky eyes betrayed him though. Neveah clutching tight into my chest, her fatty hands strong enough to leave marks. Her young soul tormented as she tries to assemble the pieces of her broken world. Running my fingers through her kinky golden hair, looking back at Connor,†Hey bud...Are you alright...?† I quickly came to the realization it was worthless, as he burrowed his head deeper in his lap,in the corner of the vehicle. Resembling an armadillo shielding himself from the surrounding trauma. â€Å"Well, at least I get to see my little sister..† This was the only joy I could draw from my thoughts on that unusually temperate Mother s Day. The one of the two days a year that â€Å"dear old dad† Would drag my little brother, Connor, and I to our mothers house, like cattle to a slaughterhouse. â€Å"Maybe she has finally changed† I prayed as Con-Con followed me across the threshold of her tiny decaying house. My senses were instantly under siege. Nostrils burning with the stench of cigarettes and mildew, eyes poisoned with clutter and the sores around mother s face. We would greet Mother as she tried to pretend that she was always in our life. Through dogging kisses and clutter, I finally laid eyes on my new love. My little sister Neveah. Perfect, Sky blue eyes with Tornado like dandelion yellow hair. At the age of two, the world isShow MoreRelatedSome Things Never Change, Kinda893 Words   |  4 PagesSome Things Never Change, Kinda When was the last time you wrote a formal letter to a colleague or family member? What did the greeting on the last card you sent say? For many of us, the art of writing formal correspondence ended with school mandated assignments. Very few of us will continue on in careers which would require us to produce lengthy reports or write formal letters frequently. It may be that we will provide the administrative staff with the skeleton of a formal letter and expect thatRead MorePre-Socratic View on Change-Motion Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesPre-Socratic View on Change-Motion In our current times, we do not stop to think about or question change or motion in our material world. We now know that change and motion exist. Even if we as individuals don’t know the properties and processes that cause change or motion, we don’t doubt that they are possible, as science has proven that they are in fact plausible. However, information about change and motion has not always been so well defined. The unknown aspects of what caused change and motion,Read MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Conformity Analysis1285 Words   |  6 Pagessaid, â€Å"conformity is jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.† I happen to think this quote is very true, because if no one ever had a different opinion, then would anything ever change? Or would it all stay the same? Forever? The idea of conformity can be seen as a good, or a bad thing. In many cases it is a bad thing, as one idea that is wrong is the only one that people think is right. This can specifically be seen i n the novel To Kill A Mockingbird. Atticus, one of the main characters, needsRead MoreThe Influence of Art on Our World Essay985 Words   |  4 Pagessociety and inform human behavior. While it may seem to some that pictures, songs, and videos influence you the most, it is actually true that books are the most influential and informative because they get in touch with your mind and emotions. There are many people in this world and their are many forms of art. It is inevitable for everyone to have the same opinion on which form influences them the most, but nevertheless let me present you with some information. When you look at the Mona Lisa, by LeonardoRead MoreDont Fear Change Essay examples1215 Words   |  5 Pagesof many things such as death, heights, bugs, or public speaking; but the fear of change ranks high in the list of things that trigger anxiety (Radwan). Is there a reasonable answer why people neglect change nowadays? In fact, there is more than one answer to this question. Change has become such an important aspect of our everyday life that it is impossible to ignore. When it comes to the idea of change, most people will readily agree that some individuals try their hardest to avoid change. The reasonRead MoreEssay On Change A Significant Event721 Words   |  3 Pagesone could possibly go back and change a significant event, what would it be? Is there anyone out their who can honestly say they have no regrets. Personally, I don’t think there is, everyone makes mistakes and sometimes they can be so drastic that one just wants to start over. Although I have a couple regrets, I love myself all in all. If I could I would change just a few things because I believe your mistakes makes a person who they are. I regret a couple of things, one being the fact that I didn’tRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1664 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept that morals are not inherent or universal but are developed by the necessities of a given society at any certain time, as presented in William Graham Sumner’s Folkways, is inadequate and displeasing. While some moral practices are relative to particular cultures, that does not mean that there are no rights that belong to everyone, nor does it mean that just because an activity is practiced that it is morally justifiable. Each human being is entitled to a certain set of liberties, whichRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Pleasantville 1325 Words   |  6 PagesThis is shown when Bud and Mary Sue’s perfect family life falls apart, when their mother, Betty leaves them and their father to do things for themselves that she usually did. The father is confused and very upset about this because he is use to the way that things were. Obviously the mother was not happy with the way that things were, so it shows that even when things look like they are perfect it does not mean that they are. This shows that a family does not need to be a certain way to be a goodRead MoreHow Can You Ever Trust Anyone?1200 Words   |  5 Pagespeople could change or that they’re different and they won’t hurt you, but you’re wrong. No matter how hard you try, every single person on this planet can hurt you. And there’s nothing you can do to prevent it. In all actuality, I had begun to believe what I was being told and what I so ignorantly thought myself. It had all begun back at Eighth Grade Graduation. Well, to be honest, everything started in seventh grade when I finally let my guard down and let my heart be taken by some intriguing strangerRead More Interview Essay - Emelie Konold1046 Words   |  5 Pagesother people. I am never sad. She has many activities that contribute to her happiness. They include meeting and being with people, learning and taking classes, sewing, and basically keeping active. When asked how other peoples attitudes affect her, Emelie said that she is concerned when there is arguing, or when people are sad. In such a case, she will talk to them and make them feel at ease. It makes her happy to go to lunch and gab with her friends, but if she cant change the other persons

Identifying Social Networking Strategy And Technology That...

1. Introduction: The purpose of this research is not to evaluate how many hoteliers vigorously using social media strategy, comparatively is to examine the area and objective of the issue why some hoteliers don’t understand and grasp the importance of social networking as a new tool of communication with its consumers or guests. Recommending solution to this issue that can help different hotelier to implement social networking strategy and technology that can boost up their occupancy rate, repeat-purchase and customer loyalty. †¢ Justification: In service industry (Hotel Tourism) many Hotelier’s at present day banks upon social media to connect and interact with its customers. It is important for hotel industry to comprehend this experience and acclimate to this new form marketing and communication technology. With growth in consumer base and new generation been a part of new personnel, it is legitimate to conclude social networking strategy or social media tool to the hotel business to embellish the future. 1. A: Aim: 1. B: Identification of Contemporary Issues in Hotel Industry. †¢ Issue: Some Hoteliers find it difficult to understand the importance and implementation of Social media strategy for their Business. †¢ Management area issue: Social Networking Marketing and Technology 2. Issue Explanation: 2.1: Some Hoteliers find it difficult to understand the importance and implementation of Social media strategy for their Business. A. 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You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is availableRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagespublished in 1991 by HarperBusiness, a division of HarperCollins Publishers. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Marie Contents PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I Discovering the Chasm INTRODUCTION If Bill Gates Can Be a Billionaire 1 High-Tech Marketing Illusion 2 High-Tech Marketing Enlightenment PART II Crossing the Chasm 3 The D-Day Analogy v vi Contents 4 Target the Point of Attack 5 Assemble the Invasion Force 6 DefineRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesInstructor’s Manual Exploring Strategy Ninth edition Gerry Johnson Richard Whittington Kevan Scholes Steve Pyle For further instructor material please visit: www.pearsoned.co.uk/mystrategylab ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) ï £ © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to download and photocopy the manual as required. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated CompaniesRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Goals, Themes, and Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Objectives, Initiatives, Pathways, and Strategies . . . . 111 Activities, Tasks, and Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Evaluation—Accountability in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Planning Hierarchy—An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Conclusion . . . . . . . Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesthe Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please , call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). DeCenzo, David A, Robbins, Stephen P. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management—10th ed. ISBN-13 978-0470-16968-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesG.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource leveling 7.2 Setting a cost and time baseline schedule (1.3.5) [8.1.3] 6.5.2.3 Critical chain method Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Reducing Project Duration Leadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesorwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. 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Modernism Essay - 801 Words

Modernism â€Å"An inclination to subjective distortion to point up the evanescence of the social world of the nineteenth century bourgeoisie.† -Barth, â€Å"Literature of Replenishment† (www.iath.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0255.html) Modernism was rebellion against not only the repressive principles of the Victorian era but also the emergence of the fast-changing, materialistic corporate society. The period preceding modernism held up Victorian virtues, which accepted the worldview of everything being ordered, neat, stable, and meaningful. While fundamentally optimistic, Victorian culture featured hypercritical moralism as it had a very narrow, strict†¦show more content†¦Stream-of-consciousness writing employed by Joyce and Woolf and other expressions of inward consciousness in narration threw asunder the safeguard of the reliability of the narrator and required active contemplation by the readers. Perspective assumed a far greater importance in literature as writers offered more impressionistic work without omniscient narrators and clean resolutions. The proliferation of the experimental spirit in modernist works of literature often alienated popular readership, and such exclusivity served as a mark of quality to a certain extent as it went in hand with the modernist intellectuals’ disdain towards the mass-consumption-driven popular culture. Modernist intellectuals rejected popular culture, as they perceived that creating work that would be universally accepted often involved certain sacrifices of their genius and ultimately degraded art. The movement was certainly not egalitarian in nature. Modernism in fact strayed away from the idea of thinking in terms of groups, opting instead to focus on the individual. It strove for self-knowledge, and the almost narcissistic interest in the self led to the â€Å"spiritual alienation, self-exile, and cultural criticism† that pervaded the period. The place that Hemingway and Fitzgerald occupied in literary modernism is difficult to pinpoint. They both dabbled with modernist writing styles earlierShow MoreRelatedModernism : Modernism And Modernism901 Words   |  4 Pagesmoving from Modernism to Postmodernism. Modernism s birth is somewhat controversial but our text puts it at 1910. Paul Cezanne, who was closely tied with Cubism, has been credited as one of the fathers of Modernism. A lot was changing during this period which produced a slew of new styles such as, Post Impressionism, Symbolism, and Surrealism to name a few. Modernism thrived from the early 20th century until the period denoted by World War II at which point it fell out of favor. Modernism was characterizedRead MoreModernism And Modernism : Postmodernism And Postmodernism1632 Words   |  7 PagesModernism is what most people describe as what came before postmodernism. For this essay I will first be looking at what the meaning of modernism and postmoder nism is and I will also be looking at the different factors of both modernism and postmodernism and why modernism has declined and has been rejected. I will also be researching on how modernism and postmodernism started and why it started and for this I will be looking at different characteristic of both modernism and post modernism and compareRead MorePost Modernism Modernism1876 Words   |  8 Pagesis looking at the world producing different knowledge in different ways and this different perspective come to be associated with their own concepts amp; theories. 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Modernism is a movement with collections for activities and creations that explicitly rejecting the existedRead MoreModernism And Modernism Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesthey effected the period in which they were born. From doing this, we can show the impact of them effected not only in the sixties, but also today. The first genre of fiction that was born during these times was Postmodernism. Its predecessor, Modernism, also came from the events that were happening around the world, especially through the newfound interconnectedness with different nations through new technological communications, and through easier and safer travel. Through this, the world experiencedRead MoreModernist Modernism : High Modernism Vs. Low Modernism1944 Words   |  8 Pages Modern or Modernist? High Modernism vs. Low Modernism Damian Sun 1238719 University of Waikato â€Æ' Modernism was a movement that was developed during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Modernism developed due to the changes happening in societies at the time. Around the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century there was a rise in the industrial society’s where there were advancements in technologies and machines, and a rapid growths in cities. This lead to aRead MoreThemes of Modernism859 Words   |  4 PagesThemes of Modernism The term Modernism refers to the shift in values and cultural awareness that appeared in the art and literature of the post- World War One period. Modernism showed that there had been a change since the previous Victorian period. The Victorian era and its literature showed a very optimistic outlook on life, but the new era of Modernism rejected this idea and chose to portray life to be extremely pessimistic. Many of the Modern writers showed the world and society to be in anRead MoreModernism Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesand the understanding of self. They explored the ideas of consciousness, alienation, and inner conflict within the mind, and asked important questions of the reader while testing the boundaries of the soul. Susan Gorsky, perfectly defines literary modernism, in her book Virginia Woolf In striving to present the rapid and often disturbing changes in their world, the writers of this era felt it essential to reform their means of expression. Poetry, Drama, and fictio n were subjected to intensive scrutinyRead MoreEssay on Difference of Modernism and Post Modernism931 Words   |  4 Pages Modernism and Post Modernism Have you ever wondered what the differences are between the modernism and post modernism? It seems like it would be easy to describe what they are by the words and what they are usually associated with. Yet, it’s actually a lot different then your thinking. Modernism is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama, which rejected the old Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean. Modernists want the absolute truthRead MoreElements of Modernism546 Words   |  2 PagesPeople were questioning the old school of thought and new philosophies were born. New forms of art, music and literature emerged to reflect these changes in thought called modernism. William Faulkners novel As I Lay Dying displays many elements of the modernist form in literature. Fragmentation is a prevalent element of modernism in As I Lay Dying. The novel is written as a narrative told by several people, each presenting their personal point of view. The reader must take into account that first

Where Are You Going, Whre Have You Been free essay sample

Everything about her had two sides to it, one for home and one for anywhere that was not home†(1369), this character, Connie, in â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † by Joyce Carol Oates, is depicted as a self-centered, condescending, insecure fifteen year old girl growing into a woman. Connie comes off as a troubled young girl who consistently uses her sexuality for attention but at the same time is afraid of intimacy. This is said be due to her fractured relationships with her family; her frequent excursions with older boys that appeared to not have any interest after the first encounter with them. The impatience she had for adulthood along with her bad decision making causes Connie to face â€Å"an old fiend†. What Connie fails to see is that she is all around evil and doesn’t even know it until the signs are staring her in the face. There were several clues in this story that portrayed evil in its own sense. Throughout the story Connie’s every waking moment was surrounded by music, mainly rock and roll. Oates was influenced to write this story by a Bob Dylan song â€Å"It’s all over now, baby blue† (1367). Bob Dylan was a rock and roll star who used music to express young love, the stresses of adolescence and automobiles, all of which American teenagers during that time were focusing on. Rock and roll was popular back in the 60’s and the majority of teenagers were listening to the â€Å"music that made everything so good† (1369). My mom had told me that back in those times, parents disliked their children listening to rock and roll because of the hidden â€Å"satanic† messages that apparently could be heard if you played the record backwards. But what teenager listens to their parents at such an influencing age? Connie stumbles upon evil when she had gone out with her friend to the drive-in restaurant. Oates wrote how Connie met up with Eddie at the restaurant and spent hours with this young boy doing things she had no business doing. While she had been hanging out with Eddie, an attractive Bob Dylan look alike said to her â€Å"Gonna get you, baby† (1369; I believe she chose to overlook this as nothing being that she knew that she was wrong or she was clueless as most teenagers are at this age. This was a sign to let her know she better slow it down or â€Å"it† was all going to catch up to her sooner or later. Oates brings Arnold into play as to symbolize pop culture and evil. As the story progressed more allusions of evil are revealed when Arnold Friend unexpectedly shows up at Connie’s ouse. Everything about Arnold is completely backwards; from his rattletrap, to the way he walked, talked, to his physical appearance. Arnold’s bright gold jalopy,†that caught the sun opaquely† (1371), and the music that was playing epitomized Satan; in The Bible, Lucifer was the angel of light and music before he fell to sin and became Satan. This is what I meant that evil has two sides; a lthough Satan is evil he knows how to appear to be good; however, he cannot portray good for very long because it is an un-natural behavior for him. The physical appearance of Arnold Friend, his â€Å"shaggy, shabby black hair that look crazy as a wig,† (1371) his nose â€Å"long and hawk-like,† (1372) and his eyes that â€Å"were like chips of broken glass† (1373) all indicate that he was a fiendish demon. â€Å"His whole face was a mask she thought wildly, tanned down onto his throat but then running out as if he had plastered make-up on his face but had forgotten about his throat† (1376). This implies that Arnold was not at all human, and he used the mask to cover up his identity from Connie. Also, his boots â€Å"must have been stuffed with something so that he would seem taller† (1377). This part of the story was also inspired by the serial Killer Charles Schmid (1370), who murdered three females back in 1966. Charles Schmid used these same physical characteristics to lure females into his car. He was also short and stuffed his boots with newspaper or tin cans to appear taller, as does Arnold in this story. Arnold stood â€Å"in a strange way, leaning back against the car as if he were balancing himself’, this is also suggested that he had hoofs like that of Satan. In response to Connie’s question, â€Å"Whats all that stuff painted on your car? †(1372) Arnold tells her his name is painted on the car â€Å"ARNOLD FRIEND†, this is was quite complex, Arnold Friend, is an awkward name to have first of all; However, there was a significant meaning to it in relation to something evil. As I assessed the reading and stumbled upon a few responses from students who have read this story before, a majority of them came up with â€Å"an old fiend† or â€Å"an old friend†, this seemed to be a sensible translation in that the devil was the first person to befriend man in the Garden of Eden. Same thing Arnold is trying to do here â€Å"I’m Arnold Friend and that’s my real name and I’m gonna be your friend† (1372). Oates points out the hidden evilness that continues on when Arnold tells Connie that the numbers â€Å"33, 19, 17† are a secret code, but a secret code to what exactly? This insinuated a specific passage in The Bible, 33rd book backwards of the Old Testament, Judges 19:17 â€Å"And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou? † The ending of the passage translates to â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? the title of this short story. The number also could possibly interpret the sexual symbol â€Å"69† in relation to the sexual deviances of Arnold Friend and Charles Schmid, who use sexual images to lure women into their lies. Along with the many phrases that were written on Arnolds car was â€Å"MAN THE FLYING SAUCERS†¦an expression kids had used the year before† (1373) which is meant to be of something out of the norm â€Å"she looked at for a while as if the words meant something to her that she did not know yet† (1373). At this point Connie senses something is odd with these â€Å"boys†. Ellie Oscar is to distract Connie from noticing Arnolds scheming words because Arnold knows that Connie is fascinated with music and makes it clear â€Å"Hey, Ellie’s got a radio, see† (1371), he knows music relaxes her. Arnold thinks if Connie is relaxed she will believe every word he says. Ellie also comes off as some rock star look alike with his popped collar shirt, just like how Charles Schmid was trying to make his lips look like that of Elvis Presley. Arnold and Ellie tried to portray as Connie’s fantasies of older â€Å"boys†, loud rock and roll music and wild cars. A few comments from other students is that Ellie could have also portrayed to be â€Å"Godlike† due to the fact that at one point he tried to help Connie â€Å"You want that telephone pulled out? †, this could mean that where there evil there is also good. Everything that Arnold Friend does in this story seemed forced, particularly the way he talked, both in tone and style of speaking, â€Å"†¦He said in a rapid meaningless tone of voice, as if he were running through all the expression he’d learned but was no longer sure which one of them was in style, then rushing on to new ones, making them up with his eyes closed† (1378). Sounding like the DJ on the radio was a way of making Connie listen to him because as I said before, back then parents did not want their children listening to that sort of music. Arnold was the radio, he was the music, he represented all the wrong that Connie was doing in her life; everything she adored, fantasized and day dreamed about daily was all Arnold Friend. Unfortunately she is faced with the ruthless realities of adulthood, which offesr no justice to her fantasies. Connie’s situation is best described in Bob Dylan’s song â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue,† which is what inspired Oates in this story: â€Å"Leave your stepping stones behind, something calls for you Forget the dead youve left, they will not follow you The vagabond whos rapping at your door Is standing in the clothes that you once wore Strike another match, go start a new And its all over now, Baby Blue†, In the conclusion of this story is that we know what Connie has gone through up until her challenge with Arnold Friend. We establish that evil comes in all different shapes and sizes; and even sounds such as music in this case. We see the â€Å"stepping stones† she comes across on the road to adulthood. Do we know where she is going? No, we don’t know where she going or where her fate lies but that is the mystery of this remarkable story.

Ethical Issue free essay sample

Currently involved in a legal battle originating from allegations that the company unethically pursued clinical trials in an impoverished nation, which resulted in the death of 11 Nigerian children as well as causing deafness, blindness, and paralysis in many other children puts Pfizer under a microscope of ethical scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues behind the ethics of the clinical trial in Nigeria including what caused the deficiencies in ethical standards, what were the ethical decision-making systems in place at the time of the issue and what roles did management and executives have in the situation. A proposal of a plan on how to avoid the same ethical dilemma from happening again, incorporating both a perspective and psychological approach, becomes the final focus of this paper. The Ethical Issue Defined Obtaining Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for clinical trials in the United States has many stages and costs pharmaceutical companies millions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reproducing a drug is a relatively low-cost undertaking after establishment in the mainstream market, but to develop a new drug can cost as much as $500 million (Pagnattaro, 2005). Pfizer’s testing took place in 1996, when an epidemic of bacterial meningitis, measles, and cholera occurred in Kano, an impoverished Nigerian city,† (Pagnattaro, 2005, p. 171). The issue has many ethical sub-issues in the situation in which Pfizer conducted a clinical trial in Nigeria that would never meet approval in America, some of which include the following: * The control group received an established drug but at a lower-dosage level than was the standard prescription. * Pfizer sought consent from parents of the hildren participants even though the parents did not read English, understand the potential risks involve, or that they could even deny participation, and the non-test subjects received a different drug altogether from Doctors Without Borders as approved by the World Health Organization (Pagnattaro, 2005). * No dissemination of information about a previous animal trial of Trovanâ„ ¢ suggesting high-risk side effects if given to children occurred. * Practitioners and trial administrators for Pfizer failed to use standard protocols of following up with test subjects to ensure they were not acquiring side effects to the trial drugs. Pfizer allegedly forged documents giving them approval by the Nigerian government and the Nigerian medical ethics committees after the children died, nearly a year after the trial administration. At the time, the trial was taking place the Nigerian medical ethics committee did not yet exist. Examination of Pfizer Organizational Role Pfizer’s two primary ethical systems used to justify the Nigerian drug trial were consequentialism (goal-based) and entitlement-based approaches. They viewed the choice to justify using an experimental drug in an under-developed country because it would help them save lives in the long as well as speeding up the process of gaining market approval and mass access to the drug, which is goal-based theorem. The entitlement-based system result in their belief that they did not have to follow proper protocols and international guidelines because they were a powerful pharmaceutical company and this was a rural foreign area with high death rates from the diseases they were testing against, regardless to Pfizer’s involvement. Therefore, the organization believed they right was to go forward on a risky trial despite other repercussions. Unfortunately, for the organization, it seems most of the wrongdoings and bad judgments came from executives in the research and development department, and there is some evidence of knowledge at the middle management level in clinical trial units. The executives and middle managers made decisions to administer Trovanâ„ ¢ in Nigeria, to falsify documents and not to follow global standards for clinical drug trials. The role of these upper-level employees caused the entire organization to receive a bad reputation as well as a formal government review of their ethical standards in all business operations (Wise, 2001). Plan for Ethical Issue Resolution Society has a global need and an ethical obligation to protect all persons entering clinical trials regardless of where those trials take place. Perhaps the best way to achieve this would come from reforming the way large transnational businesses conduct themselves in foreign relations. The creation of an international business community, one in which standardized practices and ethics seek development and companies doing business throughout the world reach accountability for their practices, would make it easier for global companies to uphold the ethical practices. Therefore, firms achieve accountability for their actions as well as making it easier to control the business practices of their worldwide branches (Logsdone amp; Wood, 2005). The first step in this process; develop a code of conduct that translates from smaller, local branches to large international branches of an organization with clarity of the character and integrity of the core values expressed by the company (Logsdon amp; Wood, 2005). After the development of this code, dissemination of these values and principles must effectively communicate and efficiently demonstrate to all levels of employees what to do when making ethical decisions. Completing this communication in such a manner that employees are precisely aware of the guidelines within the conduct standards, which these values and principles apply to; and with what expectations for conformance and compliance the corporation deems pertinent (Logsdon amp; Wood, 2005). In addition, the company needs to build in to its core values the idea that diversity between cultures showing they value and respect these differences, which taken into account regularly in the business practices of the company will aid in ethical decision-making processes (Logsdon amp; Wood, 2005). Even when the prevalent regulations are permissive or absent, the code must clearly reflect to stakeholders, executives, and employees at all levels that the highest integrity employed must happen in all their business dealings. This is particularly true if these values and principles become the standard for company practices, which will achieve a high transparency with consumers, resulting with an increase in the level of accountability for the company. The best prescriptive approach to implement the changes in resolving this ethical issue for Pfizer is a deontological approach, which would focus on honesty and fairness of the situation from a virtuous perspective. Whereas, the duty of the clinical researchers derives its merits on the Hippocratic Oath to fully inform the participants (or parents of minors) about the possible side effects of any trial drug clearly to the fullest understanding of the patient. What kind of world would it be if researchers were routinely dishonest? It would be one where we simply could not rely on the integrity of scientific research,† (Trevino amp; Nelson, 2007, p. 100). Using duty-based deontology or the Golden Rule, clinical researchers would not want trials conducted on their own children without full disclosure of possible side effects; therefore, they should not conduct experiments without giving full disclosure to patients. The best psychological approach for this situation comes from the post-conventional level of cognitive moral development. In instituting, a Global Business Community (GBC) stage five of Kohlberg’s moral stages enhances any prescriptive approach by upholding the deontology as a higher order than any social laws (Trevino amp; Nelson, 2007). The focus on justice and what is right for all transnational pharmaceutical organizations would apply to the standards, rules, ethics, and values upheld regardless of where the clinical trials take place. If a particular location has no regulations on conducting clinical trials, no Internal Review Boards, or oversights on medical research Pfizer would hold them accountable to the standard set forth by the GBC, which would achieve guidelines no less a stringent as they are in the United States trials. Conclusion Many world organizations that have set standards for international clinical trials of new market entry drugs to help ensure all participants, regardless of where they live, receive ethical treatment; but each country has to choose to embrace and enforce these guidelines to obtain maximum protection. With both a prescriptive and psychological approaches, Pfizer can avoid making the same unethical decisions as they did with this particular situation. This paper thoroughly defined and examined Pfizer ethical dilemma in testing Trovanâ„ ¢ in a foreign country as well as laying out a plan to help avoid committing the same ethical violations in the future. Ultimately, this paper shows that serious ethical breaches occurred during the Nigerian trial of Pfizer’s drug Trovanâ„ ¢ with a better awareness of internal organizational ethical systems, and with a plan for conducting global drug trial this unfortunate situation will never happen again.

How to Answer “Where Do You See Yourself in 5 Years”

How to Answer â€Å"Where Do You See Yourself in 5 Years† When you’re sitting in an interview, there’s a good chance that most of your mental real estate lately has been going toward this day. So when the interviewer asks you where you see yourself in five years, it can be a bit of a jolt to suddenly think about the long term. Knowing the reasoning behind it and doing some prep ahead of time, you can be ready to handle this one like a pro on interview day. 1. DO understand why you’re being asked.Five years is a long time away from now. We’ll have a different president, and maybe hoverboards will finally be a reality. (A gal can hope, right?) The interviewer isn’t asking you to predict fashion trends or whatever social media scene will replace Instagramming your food. Rather, he or she is trying to do two things: 1) gauge your commitment to this job; and/or 2) see what kind of ambitions you hold dear to your heart. So while thinking about society’s future might be fun, focus your thoughts on your pro fessional development.2. DON’T exaggerate, even to yourself.â€Å"Running this place† is not an answer that will get you in the door. Think about where you realistically see yourself. Are you mid-management now, and see yourself higher up that ladder? Are you just starting out, but you’d like to be managing others in five years? Those are realistic goals. Assuming you’ll be the next CEO is, well, not. (Unless you’re interviewing right now to be the CEO, in which case this is a totally valid response.) Well before interview day, think about what you want out of this job, and what it would mean for your future.3. DO emphasize the experience angle over the job title.In my experience, job titles are too much of a moving target, even within a company. Positions are created, changed, and reimagined all the time. Rather than strain to figure out what your business cards will say, talk about what you hope to have achieved in the meantime. â€Å"I see myse lf as having deep expertise in this field, and this position is the way to do that.† Or â€Å"I would like to be taking the lead on projects, and become a great manager like the ones I’ve had along the way.†4. DON’T be brutally candid.If you’re interviewing for a receptionist position with a financial company when you’re really hoping to become an assistant at a music company, this is not the time to come clean and advertise that fact. The interviewer is spending a lot of time and energy on this hiring process, and him or her knowing that you’re only doing this as a Plan B is not going to get you any bonus points. So while you should never lie to answer this question, and say that all you’ve ever wanted is to be answering phones at BankCorp in five years, you can talk around that. Emphasize the skills you’d like to gain in this position, and talk about how you’re looking forward to growing roots and developing as a professional.5. DO emphasize your commitment for the long haul.Again, the interviewer is looking to confirm that you’re not a flight risk or someone who will give half-hearted effort to this job. While you talk about your goals for the next five years, make sure you emphasize how this position and this company will help you achieve that- and perhaps more importantly, emphasize what you bring that will help the company move forward in that time as well.You don’t need a crystal ball to answer this question- just some forward-looking talking points that show you’re the right person for this company, for the right reasons.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing - Essay Example ations and it has been suggested that they should enter this market using the joint venture route with a local partner and leverage their capabilities by organizing a good supply chain. Tesco is the largest retail chain in the UK with over 11% share of the market and still growing. It is by far the most successful, most resourceful and most profitable of them all. It 2006 sales, worldwide were  £ 40 billion with profits of  £ 1.8 billion. Of this turnover 75% was generated in the UK and the rest overseas. The UK market is reaching saturation as well as referrals to the Competition Commission may see it slowing expansion or even curtailing some operations in the UK. This gives it the impetus for overseas growth. It is already planning to open up a 100 stores in the US in 2007 but Asia Pacific and especially India holds a great charm due to the huge potential in that region. Tesco covers food, clothing, home-use products and electronics. It keeps expanding its product range and it has a penchant for introducing new sales and channel formats. It is already deep into hypermarkets, supermarkets, convenience stores and petrol retailing. It is less into product innovations but more into retail innovations that has seen it entering into high level Personal Finance, Telecoms, on-line service Tesco.com and most recently the Tesco Direct catalogue. (Euromonitor International). The company presently offers the customers a varied choice of both branded and private label products. It offers amazing discounts to its customers and 1999 was a landmark year where it invested  £ 380 millions bringing about price reductions across five separate campaigns. As a result prices were reduced for thousands of products by about 10%. Besides, over 200 stores operated 24x7 to offer its Club card holding customers fantastic deals. The company’s mission statement states that it endeavors to continuously create value for customer for earning lifetime loyalty. To this end its offers value

Q1) Discuss why the events of September 11 had such a global impact Essay

Q1) Discuss why the events of September 11 had such a global impact and did it justify the war in Afghanistan - Essay Example The discussion as to whether the events of that day justified the war on Afghanistan has been avoided extensively. Several issues should be look at when finding out the justifications of the war. Firstly, it is the legality of the war. The United Nation is an international body that was formed in the year 1945. In the UN charter, there are international laws that govern war; the war with Afghanistan was illegal. This is so since for any war to be authorized by the UN the dispute has to be presented to the council for discussion. Without authorization by this body, any military action against another country is termed as being illegal (Köchler,2008 p57). The only exception from this rule is when a nation has been subjected to armed attacks from another country, and as a result, then a country may declare an act of war through self-defense. This condition was not fulfilled by the United States because they were not carried out by another nation, but by an organization called al-Qaida (Köchler, 2008 p75). The second fact that can result in war is when a country feels threatened by military actions instigated by another country. The threatened country has the option of approaching the UN Security Council, to ask for authorization in order to act out of self-defense where the means on how to defend is not fixed. However, the government of the US at that time claimed that the attacks on Afghanistan were intended to protect the United States from any other attacks. However, this was not the case as the pentagon took its time to launch the attacks, and again this proved that the matter was not urgent, as the UN requires it. The United Nations did not authorize the attacks on Afghanistan thus the war was deemed as being illegal, and this has even been confirmed by some politicians who were government officials at the time (Buckley, 2003 p95). The third

Indian Festivals Essay Example for Free

Indian Festivals Essay India is a country of colours and festivals. It is said that there are seven days in a week but nine festivals. They mark the grand, gay and happy occasions in the life of Indian people. These are celebrated with gay abandon. Great preparations are made well in advance to observe festivals. These are the occasions of family gatherings, exchange of greetings and sweets, joy, praying, fasting and feasting. People visit temples, holy places, worship gods and invoke their favors. Festivals come round the year and add colour, joy, happiness, variety and spice to life. Man is a celebrating being. He celebrates birth, marriage and even death. In India there are a number of festivals, fairs, and days of celebration. Celebration and festivity is in Indian blood and psyche. These have close links with our religion, myths, changes of season, harvesting and anal events. Most of the Indian festivals follow lunar religious calendar. Festivals in India are of great social, cultural and national value. They help people to forge greater and stronger national and cultural ties with one another. Festivals are a great factor to unite such a large population into one country and nation. Their mass recreational appeal is irresistible. The people are in their best clothes on this occasion. Even the poor get new clothes sewn for festivals. Their enthusiasm and preparations are seen to be believed on festive occasions. There are various communities in India. They have their respective festivals but they all participate in one another’s festivities with much delight and jest. Holy, Deepavali, Janmashtami, Dessert, Christmas, Id, Muharram, Mew Year are the main festivals celebrated on a vast scale. Besides, there are scores of other local and regional festivals. 15th August and 26th January are the national days of celebration and festivity. Holy, the most colorful festival marks the advent of spring and ripening of crops. It is also the most boisterous occasion. During the night bonfires are there, and then the next day there are a lot of singing, dancing and throwing of colours on one another. Sometimes the reveling is too much which turns into hooliganism, mud throwing and singing of obscene songs. However, it is an occasion when people of all classes mix-up with one another freely and enjoy singing and exchange of greetings and sweets. It is a special occasion in Gould, Matura and Barman, the places closely associated with the life of Lord Krishna and his consort Radar. Dessert is another great festival of India. It is celebrated to mark the victory of good over evil. It was on the Vijayadashmi that Rama defeated the ten-headed demon King Ravenna. During these days of festivity, the epic Ramayana is presented in dance-drama form on the stages all over the country. It is popularly called Camilla. On the final day of the festivities, the huge effigies of Ravenna, and his brother Kumbhkarna and son Meghan are burnt and there are fire-works. It is followed by Bharat Mila, an occasion of family reunion. In Mysore, a great royal and colorful procession is taken out on this occasion. In Kula also a special festival is celebrated on this day. In West Bengal it is observed as Durga Puja festival. Next comes the Deepavali, the festival of lights and fireworks. At night, earthen lamps and candles are lit to illumine the dark night of Amanas, the night before the new moon. Greetings and sweets are exchanged and Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth is worshipped. The businessmen close their old accounts and open the new ones. It is believed that Rama was crowned on this day after his triumphant return to Aloha from Lanka, foemen people also indulge in gambling on this occasion. Houses are cleaned, repaired and white-washed, and people wear new and colorful clothes on this day. 26th January is a major national Day when spectacular parade is held in Delhi along the Rajah. In state capitals also the day is celebrated with much enthusiasm and joy. Folk-dances are performed, processions taken out, parades held, and the National Flag is hoisted on this day. Then in the night there are fire-works and illumination of government buildings. It was on this day that our constitution came into being and India became a Republic. It is the most celebrated occasion for the Muslims in India. It comes after the month long fasting and praying of Raman. The Muslims visit mosques and Ideas to offer their prayers in their new and {east clothes. They embrace one another, exchange greetings and sweets, give alms to the poor and enjoy feasts. On Christmas, the Christians celebrate the event with much joy, jest and festivity, and exchange greetings and sweets. Special prayers and Teases are held in the churches on the occasion. New Year is celebrated with much jest, joy and enthusiasm by the people of all communities. Batsakis, Rachis, Roth Yare, Panama, Oman, Ganesha festival are some of the other important festivals of India.

Goethe’s Statement :: essays research papers

Goethe’s statement, â€Å"Treat people as if they were what they ought to be and you help then to become what they are capable of being† is commonly used in both a positive and negative form in today’s society. When a person looks the statement carefully over, they will find the meaning into what he is saying. From the Bible, the quote â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you† is very similar to Goethe’s statement. If a person acts in a certain way toward somebody, then the environment and the people in which that person is surrounded by affects his attitude directly. When a person believes somebody has the capability to be more than they are, and the person pushes that person to succeed, the person will live up to those standards. By having another source other than yourself see what you are capable of doing, it lets people see themselves from a different perspective. There are many examples in modern day society of Goethe’ s statement. A positive example of a modern day Goethe statement is in the Army. When a person thinks of the Army, the first thing that a person will think of is the quote â€Å"Be all that you can be.† The is an encouraging statement for people, and this will make people feel as if they can be part of something more helpful and proud. If a person exerts their whole self into becoming a soldier, and if other people tell them that they have the power to be more than just average, then, they put forth more effort, and feel better about themselves. Another positive example is in the acting business. While an actor is on stage saying his lines, he might meet the criticism of the director. The director of a play should know the ability of an actor, and by criticizing him; it is helping them become a better actor. There are also people with professions that, on a daily basis, they help people better themselves. These people are teachers and tutors. Teachers and students interact with each other more out of a day than most students interact with their parents. Teachers help us expand and open our mind by giving us skills throughout students’ early life to help students when they are older. By learning information from teachers, students become better people, in a couple of ways. Besides inquiring knowledge from their teachers, students learn to work with one another, open their mind to other peoples’ thoughts and ideas, respect one another, and learn different techniques for life’s issues.

George and Lennie in “Of Men and Mice” Essay

George and Lennie are the two main characters in this book. They look after one another and stick together. I think that that itself is quite strange as they are both completely the opposite to each other. Lennie is very dependant on George and probably wouldn’t be able to survive without him; he certainly wouldn’t be able to get himself out of trouble. But George is much more Independent than Lennie. George is also quite bossy, like a parent but is responsible and practical too. He acts like a parent to Lennie sometimes: â€Å"Lennie! Lennie for Gods sake don’t drink so much.† He often tells Lennie what to do like this example. But he is forced to because of Lennie child like behaviour and sense. Lennie very much in his actions and words reflects the personality of a young child. This is sometimes quite admiring and amusing, â€Å"You drink some Lennie, take a good big drink† he smiled happily.† He is also described in a way that a child would be, by saying, â€Å"he smiled happily† Even though Lennie annoys George, George still cares for Lennie. An example of this is when George warns Lennie about drinking the water. This also reflects his intelligence. Which he definitely seems when he’s described with Lennie because Lennie really does lack intelligence. Lennie ignores the warning showing his shortage in common sense. We find out that George is slightly short tempered by two incidents. One is when he talks about the bus driver giving them the wrong information. â€Å"We could just as well of rode clear to the ranch of that bastard bus driver knew what he was talkin’ about† He’s quite rude in this statement and we can tell that he is angry. Because he is already angry about this he snaps at Lennie. He talks about how much better off he would have been if he didn’t have Lennie with him and in my opinion he saws some quite harsh things, â€Å"You crazy son of a bitch you keep me in hot water all the time.† He seems determined to hurt Lennie in this paragraph when he talks like this to him. Particularly during this part of the story, you’re forced to feel sympathy for Lennie and feel that George is the ‘bad guy’. But we also see Georges caring side again when he sees’s Lennies anguished face and he is ashamed of himself. I think George is a compassionate person though. Because he still cares for Lennie and sticks by him and helps him out of trouble by choice. Lennie is purposely portrayed in a child like manner. You can tell by his tone of voice, the things he says, the way he’s described and his actions. â€Å"Lennie who had been watching imitated George exactly† â€Å"Where we goin’, George† â€Å"Ain’t a thing in my pocket George, honest.† Lennnie imitates George quite a lot, he looks up to George and trusts him. He tries to obey George and attempts really hard to remember what George tells him. He asks questions like a child constantly. And he tries to act clever in a child like way. Lennie also has a child’s imagination too; He is also attracted to petting things because of his child like gentle nature. â€Å"Let’s have different coloured rabbits, George† he makes silly comments like this as well. George doesn’t really trust Lennie. Not because he’s not a good person but because he’s forgetful and makes silly mistakes which lead to big trouble. Lennies stupidity, need of understanding and strength causes him to unknowingly make these mistakes. We know that he’s forgetful because he doesn’t remember where he is going and has to repeat things over and over again to remind himself. We also know that George doesn’t trust him because he doesn’t let him keep his own workers ticket. Both people think of the dream in different ways, Lennie thinks about it in a very childish dreamy way, and as you’d expect, George thinks practically and really about it. And when he realises he’s being unrealistic he stops himself: â€Å"-Nuts† I think this shows that he doesn’t get his hopes up too high and that he is a down to earth person. George is a planner, he likes to be organised and know what’s happening. He plans and tells Lennie where to go if there’s trouble at the ranch. George and Lennie are very different people but they both benefit and appreciate the companionship that they share. â€Å"But not us! Because†¦because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you and that’s why†

Psychometrics Construction

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5255 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This dissertation is about evaluating the use of psychometrics in the construction industry. The document will also present the main aims and objectives of the study. A comprehensive literature study has also been carried out with the objective of gaining an in-depth understanding of the topic of psychometrics. The literature review chapter will identify a selection of the testing methods that are available on the market, test design, usage within industry and the associated costs with such tests. A methodology and potential constraints have also been identified, and finally a timetable has been proposed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Psychometrics Construction | Construction Dissertations" essay for you Create order The survey indicated that companies are beginning to realise the benefits of psychometric testing, 1.1 Introduction This dissertation proposal has been compiled as part of the BSc (Honours) in construction management. It is necessary for the individual to produce a research project on the subject of his/her own choice that is construction related. The topic chosen for the purposes this dissertation is that of psychometric science. 1.2 Nature of the Problem Few people in the construction industry would disagree that effective team building is essential to success; however bringing together a bunch of individuals does not automatically produce a team (Franks 2002). Teams have to be assembled by taking into account many factors, including individual skill and particularly the personal characteristics of the individual member, psychometric testing is one way of ensuring the correct team members are recruited, thus maximizing the capabilities of the team. Psychometrics covers a range of testing methods from IQ and aptitude tests to personality questionnaires and numbercy indicators. Many organisations now use this form of testing routinely in their recruitment processes especially at senior level, according to Corcoran (2005) it forces an examination and sound understanding of the competencies inherent in the role in question and links the candidates competencies with those to the role. Hampton (2002) suggests that these tests are not just limited to recruitment; they can also be used in career development to raise awareness of the individuals own strengths and weaknesses. The need for this research stems from the fact that compared to other industries where the use of psychometrics is widespread; construction firms seem to be blind to its benefits. As an industry that relies heavily on good teamwork, construction could gain from a wider implementation of psychometrics in both recruitment and team development. Also if survey statistics are to be believed, up to 56% of candidates exaggerate their skills/experience on their CV. Making a recruitment decision purely on the content of a CV and interview alone, could prove to be unreliable. Whilst a CV certainly provides an overview of a candidates ability, it doesnt necessarily illustrate their suitability for the role. Likewise, an applicant may handle an interview extremely well but not have the capability to deliver the role itself. Psychometric testing therefore attempts to add a third dimension to the team building/recruitment process. The need for this research is therefore obvious and will be designed to test the following hypothesis: Psychometric testing is critical to successful team building in the Irish construction industry. 1.3 Rationale As an industry that relies heavily on good teamwork, it is essential that that the right people are selected for the right jobs. This rationale for this dissertation is to establish whether or not construction could benefit from the wider implementation of psychometric testing, and also to evaluate the current usage of psychometric testing in the industry. Establishing the usage of psychometric testing is a critical part of this research, it establishes the current trends in the construction industry towards recruitment and team development and once this is established it may help organisations see the way forward. To achieve this, a literature review, a pilot study and postal questionnaires shall be conducted. Initial research has indicated that the construction industry is slow to realise the benefits of testing in both recruitment and team development. Employers need to be made aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of psychometrics which enable them to make an informed decision as to whether or not psychometrics is appropriate to their organisation. 1.4 Aims The general aim of this research is to investigate if psychometric testing is either a beneficial or a counterproductive exercise to a construction organisation in the selection of team members. To establish the extent of use of psychometrics within the Irish Construction Industry. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic of psychometrics. 1.5 Objectives of the Research To provide a general overview of the topic of psychometric science. To review the range of testing methods available. To establish the apparent advantages and disadvantages to a construction organisation in adopting psychometric testing. To assess the current usage of psychometrics within the Irish construction industry. 1.6 Hypothesis The benefits of Psychometric Testing are not fully appreciated in the Irish Construction Industry 1.7 Outline Methodology The methodology section for this dissertation will provide a rationale for the choice and use of particular strategies and tools for gathering and analyzing the data. A quantitative research strategy was used as part of the methodology, which helped in the execution of both the literature review and the questionnaire. The literature review was one the first stages of the methodology; this was used to highlight the importance of using psychometric testing in both recruitment and team building. The methodology also involved the production of structured questionnaire; these were compiled to assess the current usage of psychometric testing among organisations within the Irish Construction Industry. A pilot study of the questionnaire was first conducted to provide a trial run for the questionnaire, which involves testing the wording of the questions and identifying any ambiguous questions. A detailed analysis of the results was then produced; it will consist of questions, answers, tables, figures and charts to represent the data. Finally an interview was conducted with a member of an organisation utilising psychometrics as part of their recruitment process. Methodology 2.1 Introduction This chapter will set out to outline the methods of data collection that were adopted for the purposes of the dissertation. The methodology chapter for this dissertation of 4 main parts: A general definition and review of the approach to the research. A justification for the selection of the hypothesis, aims and objectives. A description of the data collection and analytical procedures. A review of the methodological complexities that were encountered, including the limitations and constraints on the research. 2.2 Research Strategy A primarily quantitative research strategy was adopted for the purposes of this dissertation. The rationale for the selection of this method is that quantitative research is used when the individual needs to identify facts about a concept, question or an attribute. This ties in closely with the objectives and aims of the report. Naoum (1998) describes quantitative research as an inquiry into a social or human problem, this closely relates to the initial aims objectives of the research 2.3 Theoretical Framework This dissertation will be approached using a both sociological and psychological framework. The former of which is concerned with cultural roles, norms and values and the structuring and functioning of society. Also explored will be the psychological aspects such as personality traits and relationships between individual team members. 2.4 Historical Framework One of the first attempts to scientifically measure the differences between individuals was made by Sir Francis Galton in the 19th Century when he tried to show how the human mind could be systematically mapped into different dimensions, identifying how individuals differed in terms of their ability. The psychological approach and the first published test can be credited to Sir Alfred Binet. 2.5 Psychological Framework Psychometric testing is fundamentally a form of psychological assessment, Postal Questionnaires Postal questionnaires along with a cover letter will be distributed to a number of Irish construction firms to gather information on the current usage and the popularity of psychometrics within the Irish construction industry. Before these questionnaires are distributed, it will be necessary to complete a pilot study before the final data is collected. The pilot study will provide a trial run for the questionnaire, and its main aim is to test the wording of the questions, identify any ambiguous questions and test the techniques being used Once the pilot study is complete, the main questionnaire will be distributed. To establish an accurate sample of the industry, it will be necessary to get a minimum number of responses to the main questionnaire. This number will be determined by the constraints of time imposed on the research, however it is expected that this will be in the region of 10-15 responses. This study will be primarily aimed at the larger construction firms in the industry. A random selection procedure will be adopted, to ensure that a representative sample of the firms is taken. Where possible, questionnaires will be delivered and collected to ensure a high response rate. Otherwise when replies are not received, the enquiries will be followed up by subsequent emails and phone calls.Tables, graphs, bar charts and histograms have been identified as a means of presenting the data from the questionnaires. The Research Sample Due to the relatively high costs involved in the implementation of psychometric instruments, the smaller organisations in the industry tend to avoid using this method of recruitment and team development. To establish an accurate representation of the industry, the research sample was confined to those in the Top 100 Irish construction companies (The Times, 2007). This sample was further refined down 35 using a random selection procedure. The types of organisation were sampled from a number of different disciplines within the construction industry, including: 1. Civil Engineering Contractors 2. Building Contractors 3. Building Services Contractors 4.Project Management organisations 5. Engineering Consultants 6. Multi-disciplinary organisations Literature Review This paper reviews the literature on psychometric testing by employers, and considers whether or not psychometric testing is a critical element of the recruitment process. It will seek to outline the fundamental benefits associated with the concept of psychometric testing and determine current trends regarding the usage of these tests in the Irish Construction Industry. According to Reber (1995) psychometric testing has been defined as Pertaining to mental testing in any of its facets, including assessment of personality, evaluation of intelligence, determining aptitudes. Rust (2004) classifies these tests into two broad categories: those that assess ability and those that assess personality. The way that organizations operate has changed dramatically in the last 30 years, there are now fewer levels of management than there were, and management styles tend to be less autocratic. In addition, there appears to be a move towards more knowledge based and customer focused jobs, which means that individuals have more autonomy even in the lower levels within organizations (Edenborough 2004). The effects of these changes mean that a persons personality is seen as more important now than it was in the past. The structure of the modern workforce within the Irish Construction Industry is also rapidly changing and teamwork is becoming increasingly important, here a psychometric test can prove an invaluable tool, not only does it make sure that each team has the required skills but it also ensures that the people who make up team can work well together or that they can gel effectively. An article in China Staff magazine (2003) points out that this doesnt mean that everybody in the team should be the same, rather than that you end up with a combination of personalities who can work well together. Each type of test may not suit every organisation, the design of a testing procedure must be based on what the user is wishing to achieve from the results. Burke (1995) suggests that the various types of tests are designed for a purpose and the use of a particular test will vary according to the objectives of the assessment. In order to ascertain which tests you should use, it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the characteristics necessary to perform well at the job. Recruitment and Selection Many organisations now use psychometric testing routinely in their recruitment process especially at a senior level. It forces an examination and sound understanding of the competencies inherent in the role in question and links the candidates competencies with those of the role. It makes for sound selection decisions and identifies development areas for the successful candidate (Corcoran 2005). Ideally, if psychometrics is used at the initial selection stage, employers are immediately aware of any areas ability or personality where an employee might not be an exact match for the job, and can make informed decisions as to whether the employee should be selected and trained, or rejected. Type of Testing Available Personality Measurement Tests These tests are used to assess how a person is likely to react to situations with people, the types of relationship they prefer to establish with others, and the motivational factors that influence a persons actions. These are often known as tests of disposition. These tests do not generally contain questions to which there is only one correct answer. The answers given to these questions tend to reflect a tendency to interpret situations or respond to other people in particular ways. Burke (1995) outlines the typical qualities assessed by disposition tests; these include anxiety, sociability, perseverance, dominance, fear of failure and resistance to stress. A common approach to in psychometrics is to see personality as a combination of traits. A trait can be any characteristic way of behaving, thinking, feeling or operating. The measure of these traits has always been a matter of interest for many years, it has been recognized that personality is of great importance in peoples succe ss at work, no less than the approach they take in other aspects of their life (Edenbourgh 2005). Psychologists often refer to these as the big five personality traits. Openness appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. Conscientiousness a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior. Extraversion energy, positive emotions, urgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others. Agreeableness a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Neuroticism a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability; sometimes called emotional instability. The argument runs that personality questionnaires do not test behavior directly but rather how the respondent chooses to describe his or her own behavior. It also argued by Cronbach (1966) that such questionnaires or self-report inventories, as they are sometimes known, indicate typical behavior. One corollary to this view by Reber(1995) is that such behavior is not very amenable to change, these type of tests have no right or wrong answers as such, however there is certainly the right and wrong personality mixes for certain jobs. Ability and Aptitude Tests Aptitude and Ability tests are not always precisely separated; many of the tests in these categories are used to look at behavior, often of an intellectual or cognitive nature. These are usually tests of general intelligence, which can be regarded as mental horsepower or as measure of a persons ability to process information. Tests of ability generally assess the broader areas of what a person can do. While scores on such tests are influenced by education and training, they are not designed to assess specific areas of knowledge or skill. Examples of ability tests are: measures of verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning and mechanical reasoning. China Staff magazine (2003) defines ability testing as a measure of a persons potential to learn the new skills needed for a new job or to cope with the demands of a training course. Tests of aptitude on the other hand are often used to assess how well an individual is likely to perform in a training programme or in a job Edenbourgh (2005) attempts to distinguish between the two: The term aptitude is usually reserved for those tests directed at predicting whether skill in a particular area can be acquired. Ability tests on the other hand tend to be reserved for measures of less job-specific though often still job-related intellectual tests. Attainment Tests These are often referred to as achievement tests; these are more commonly used in relation to educational assessment rather than in occupational settings. They represent standard ways of assessing the amount of skill currently reached or attained by an individual in a particular area. Tests of attainment are often linked with ability and can be quite similar; the difference is that they test specifically what people have learnt e.g. mathematical ability or typing skills. Of course what people have learned does depend on their ability in that domain in the first place, so the scores of the two types of test are linked. Another differentiation between the two is that ability tests are retrospective in nature; they focus on what has been learnt and on what a person knows and can do now. Ability tests on the other hand are prospective: they focus on what candidates are capable of learning and achieving in the future or on their potential to learn. (China Staff Magazine 2003) Assessment Centres Psychometric testing often takes place within the context of an assessment centre. Edenbourgh (2004) points outs that organisations use a range of selection methods, including interviews, group exercises, role-playing, in-basket exercises as well as psychometric testing in order to select from a group of job applicants. Candidates are likely to encounter tests that will simulate situations that are likely to be encountered in a particular role. Assessment centre selection methods can take one or two days to complete, and because of the cost and time taken these are generally only associated with larger organisations. Assessment centers are usually used after the initial stages of the selection process and usually follow the initial job interview. They are commonly held either on employers premises or in a hotel and are considered by many organizations to be the fairest and most accurate method of selecting staff. This according to Psychometric Success is because a number of different selectors will get to see the individual over a longer period of time and have the chance to see what he/she do, rather than what the individual says they can do. Tests that are carried out within these assessment centres are often conducted by HR personnel however it is often the case that external consultants will be brought in to administer the tests. Ability to distinguish between candidates Any selection tool should be able to distinguish between candidates in two ways: 1) The tool should be accurate and precise. Any differences in results between candidates should be real and not simply random or due to errors or inaccuracies. This is known as reliability, and psychometric tools have consistently been shown to be more reliable than other common selection methods. 2) The differences in results between candidates should reflect differences in their ability to perform in the job. This is known as criterion-related validity. As shown in Diagram 3, psychometric tools do predict job performance well, provided that the right tool has been chosen, for example, via a careful analysis of the attributes required for the job. Differences in results do therefore relate to differences in ability to perform well in the job. The importance of getting this right is one reason why most instruments are only sold to those who have been trained in their use. Reliability One of the main problems associated with psychometric testing is the issue of test reliability. For instance, if there is high competition for a jobthen there is strong incentive for candidates to present themselves favorably. Similarly candidates can be tempted to respond to personality questionnaires in a way they assume the employer wants. If we consider a construction related job, how many candidates will disagree with the statement I enjoy working in team environment? Edenbourgh (2005) identifies one way of increasing the reliability in personality questionnaires, this is to use forced-choice formats whereby candidates are presented with a combination of statements and must indicate a preference between them, this method of combining items is known as ipsative scaling. This can be contrasted with the normative scaling, in which the candidate is instructed to choose one statement from a selection of 2 or more. For example in an ipsative test, a question might ask a candidate to choose whether they are more hard working or creative. In this case the candidate cannot make themselves look good on both of the statements, it therefore can be said that this method can increase the reliability of certain tests and give the assessor a greater profile of the candidates personality. Disadvantages to Psychometric Testing In many cases, psychometric tests and questionnaires have been put together by people with little background in psychometrics and they may have very little actual utility and value for the purposes for which they are marketed. Although British Psychological Society (BPS) has a standard qualification system, it is not unusual for tests to be used by people who are not adequately trained to score them. Also just because a person attends a recognized training course it cannot be guaranteed that they will use tests and questionnaires correctly since some instruments, particularly personality questionnaires, require considerable experience and the possibility of poor interpretation of results is ever-present. Another disadvantage of psychometric testing is the use of personality questionnaires to assess an individuals ability or skill in a particular area. For example, if a person scores highly on a test called Leadership, this does not mean that he or she will actually possess a high level of leadership skill, instead it means that the individual has the basic personality characteristics that are commonly found amongst effective leaders and, with sufficient experience and given the development of certain necessary skills, has the potential to become an effective leader. (Team Focus 2004) Cost The costs associated with these tests are often substantial. This implies that employers are unlikely to be using them merely in order to follow a management trend, but because they firmly believe that the tests are useful in recruiting job applicants with the right skills and attributes. According to a recent survey by Incomes Data Services (IDS 2000), the sums involved in testing can be quite substantial. Assuming that employers prefer to administer and interpret the tests themselves, rather than employing external consultants, then the costs will include initial training in test use, since it is necessary to be qualified in order to use tests. Further costs will include start-up kits such as manuals or computer software, and consumables such as question-and-answer booklets for test candidates. (Jenkins 2001) In order to become a trained assessor, a person needs to obtain certification from the British Psychological society (BPA), and requires the completion of two courses, Level A and Level B. The BPS Level A covers the use and interpretation of ability tests. The BPS Level B covers the use and interpretation of personality tests. In general the test companies will often provide courses leading to these qualifications. These courses usually take about five days for each of Level A and Level B. The average cost per trainee is about 1,900 for Level A and about 2,200 for Level B. It is possible to train some employees to be test administrators, rather than test users, although at least one person in the organisation must be a qualified test user if the company is to be permitted to buy tests. Test administrators can brief candidates prior to testing, and hand out and collect test papers, but cannot score tests, except under supervision, nor interpret the results. Source: IDS survey of British companies Training to become a test administrator is often cheaper than becoming a test user and a fee of perhaps 1000 would be charged for a test administrator course. However, it is likely that larger companies would want to have several people qualified to test user standard, as well as more employees qualified to administer the tests. According to Edenborough (2004) the major component of cost is the expense of training company staff to be able to obtain and utilize the tests properly, precise costs of psychometric tests will vary but say; in a recruitment context it is unlikely that the expenses are to be more than a couple of percent of a salary. The benefits concerned are also likely to dwarf such figure. Estimating the cost-benefit of psychometric instruments Companies can examine the effect of a recruitment process on a companys performance by analyzing how well a candidate performs in the role and therefore how much they add to productivity, and balancing this against the investment in their recruitment. Research across a range of organisations suggests that the amount an employer can save, per employee recruited, per year, is: (Validity of the test) multiplied by (Caliber of those selected) multiplied by (Standard deviation of job performance) Minus (Cost of the selection) divided by (Proportion of applicants selected) This formula, known as the utility equation, may look complex, but it has successfully been used by HR professionals in order to justify the use of psychometric instruments and other objective assessment methods. (McHenry 1990) Calculating the cost benefits of psychometric instruments The utility equation can be used to calculate the financial benefit of using psychometric testing as part of an organisations selection process. An example of this would be a company recruiting a person for a position with a 60,000 salary, is possible to compare the financial benefit achieved by using a recruitment process of unstructured interviews that have a validity of 0.18, compared to using personality questionnaires and ability tests that have a combined validity of 0.60. (See table in Appendix 1) Using the utility equation and a conservative estimate of the extent to which this position will impact on company productivity, it can be predicted that using psychometric tools would increase the organizations productivity by 8,520 compared to using unstructured interviews. This calculation assumes that the candidate remains in the job for one year; if they remain for three years the productivity increase can be as much as 25,160. Source: McHenry (1990) Current Usage within Industries According to Psychometric Success testing is now used by over 80% of the Fortune 500 companies in the USA and by over 75% of the Times Top 100 companies in the UK. Information technology companies, financial institutions, management consultancies, local authorities, the civil service, police forces, fire services and the armed forces all make extensive use of use psychometric testing. In 2006 a survey identified that well over 2,500 personality questionnaires are available on the market, this number is increasing each year as dozens of new companies appear with their own new products. The reasons for test use suggest that the perceived objectivity of tests, their predictive abilities, as well as their ability to filter out unsuitable candidates were important reasons for test use in both the public and private sectors, however according Jenkins (2001) equal opportunities legislation may have also encouraged employers to use tests as part of a drive to fairer selection. There are also a number of studies linking increases in test use to the spread of greater professionalism in the human resource management function, and to multi-national companies imposing standard selection procedures throughout their businesses. It has been estimated that it can cost organisations the equivalent of the whole of the first years costs (salary and any other benefits) to put right a wrong recruitment decision. Research reported in a number of test manuals shows that using good assessments professionally as part of the recruitment process dramatically increases the number of right dec isions you make. In order to establish reasons for organisations use of psychometric testing, it was necessary to look at statistics carried on British organisations, due to the limited availability of published research in Ireland. Surveys carried out by Bevan and Fryatt (1988) and by Williams (1994) contain information on the reasons for test use in British companies. Survey: Bryan (1998) and Fryatt and Williams (1994) It is clear to see from the statistics in Table X that the majority of organisations use psychometrics to predict subsequent job performance and to filter out unsuitable candidates at the recruitment stage. It should also be noted that substantial percentage of the organisations surveyed by both Bryan(1998) and Fryatt and Williams (1994) are using tests for the prediction of an existing teams compatibility. Critical Appraisal of the Literature This section of the dissertation seeks to appraise the significant points of the literature review to discover if psychometric testing is a critical successful recruitment in the construction industry. In the current economic climate, construction companies need to control their budgets tightly. The recruitment process represents a significant portion of resources and HR departments are increasingly feeling the pressure to justify their spending on recruitment. Selecting the right person for the right job every time is an unrealistic goal, however the use of psychometric instruments can enable companies to measure accurately important skills that would not otherwise be apparent at interview, such as the ability to make critical business decisions. It is quite apparent that the use of psychometric testing has increased significantly in the past decade in the UK; however this trend is only recently taking off in the Republic of Ireland among construction companies. Conclusion 5.1 Introduction This chapter will comprise of a summary of the findings and gives relevant conclusions to the research. Here each of the objectives will be analysed to conclude what has been achieved in each. Also included in this section will be comments on the research hypothesis and personal recommendations on the findings of the results. Finally the limitations encountered during the research will be examined, stating the difficulties that were faced throughout the research which hindered the completion of the objectives. 5.2 Research Objectives This section of the report will attempt to evaluate the success of the objectives outlined in the early stages of the research. Each objective will be taken in turn, and a conclusion will be given as to what has been achieved in each. 5.2.1 Objective To provide an overview of the topic of psychometric science. To review the range of testing methods available. To establish the apparent advantages and disadvantages to a construction organisation in adopting psychometric testing. To assess the current usage of psychometrics within the Irish construction industry. References Burke. E (1995) Psychological Testing: A users guide China Staff Magazine (2003) Psychometric Assessment: The measure for success. Corcoran. C (2005) Psychometric testing, Can it add value to HR? Accountancy Ireland Magazine. Vol 37 pp. 63-65 Cronbach, L J (1966) Essentials of Psychometric Testing, 2nd edn, Harper Row, New York Edenborough. R (2005) Assessment methods in Recruitment. London. Kogan Page Limited. Franks.J (2002) Building Construction Teams Construction Manager Magazine Hampton. J (2002) Identikit Candidates, Construction Manager Magazine, Nov pp 38-41 Mc Henry.R (1990) occ.co.uk Miller. L T (1999) Psychometric and information processing approaches to measuring cognitive abilities: paradigms in military testing (On-line). Available: https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3711/is_199908/ai_n8869144/pg_1 (Accessed 02-12-07) Naoum.S.G (1998) Dissertation research and writing for construction students. Oxford. Elsevier Ltd. Psychometric Success Available from: https://www.psychometric-success .com/expert-help.htm Accessed: 19-12-07 Reber, A.S. (1995). The penguin dictionary of psychology (2 nd ed.). New York: Penguin Books. Rust. J (2004) People who need people: Does psychometrics have a place in staff selection? The Times ( 2007) Top 200 Construction Companies